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Rock and Stone Analysis Package in Abaqus

Categories: Abaqus, CEL and Eulerian, Course, DEM and SPH, Explosion, Finite Element, Fracture & Failure Analysis, Jh2 and Jhb model, Rock and Stone

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Rock and Stone Analysis Package in Abaqus

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Rock and Stone Analysis Package in Abaqus

Peyman Karampour

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About Course

Introduction to Rock and Stone Analysis package

The mechanical behavior of rock and stone under dynamic loading conditions is a critical area of study in geotechnical, civil, and mining engineering. Natural and engineered rock masses are frequently subjected to dynamic forces arising from blasting, earthquakes, impact loads, machine vibrations, and excavation activities. Unlike static loading, dynamic effects introduce complexities such as stress wave propagation, rate-dependent material behavior, crack initiation, and progressive failure mechanisms. Understanding these responses is essential for ensuring the stability and safety of underground excavations, tunnels, slopes, and foundations.

In this package, through 10 comprehensive tutorials, all matters related to the rock and stone are explained in many simulations, such as explosion, impact, TBM cutting, foundation,…

The Finite Element Method (FEM) has emerged as a powerful numerical technique for investigating the dynamic response of rock and stone. FEM allows the discretization of complex geometries and heterogeneous materials into smaller elements, making it possible to capture stress distribution, displacement fields, and fracture evolution with high precision. Through dynamic analysis, FEM provides insights into time-dependent processes such as wave propagation, resonance phenomena, and energy dissipation mechanisms.

Dynamic FEM analysis of rock and stone typically involves modeling the material’s constitutive behavior, incorporating damping and inertia effects, and applying appropriate boundary conditions to simulate realistic field scenarios. Advanced formulations, such as explicit time integration and contact modeling, are often employed to accurately capture high-strain-rate deformations and fracture propagation. Moreover, FEM can be coupled with fracture mechanics, damage models, and discontinuum approaches to better represent the inherent heterogeneity and anisotropy of rock masses.

By leveraging FEM-based dynamic analysis, engineers and researchers can predict failure modes, optimize blasting designs, assess seismic stability, and develop safer infrastructure in rock engineering projects. As computational power and constitutive modeling techniques continue to advance, FEM remains a cornerstone for understanding and mitigating dynamic challenges in rock mechanics.

Course Content

Example-1: Analysis of the internal explosion inside the rock-CEL method
In this lesson, the analysis of the internal explosion inside the rock-CEL method is studied. The rock and TNT are modeled as three-dimensional solid parts. The Eulerian domain is modeled as a three-dimensional Eulerian part. The material constitutive relationship is not only the conclusion of some regulations summarized from experimental data, but also plays an important role in numerical simulations. It reflects the realistic physical and mechanical properties of materials as much as possible to improve the accuracy of numerical results. The JH-2 constitutive model was initially utilized to simulate the behavior of brittle materials. The JH-2 model adds softening characteristics and contains pressure-dependent strength, damage, and fracture; significant strength after fracture; and bulking. If the JH-2 damage constitutive model could be employed in the construction of practical engineering, it would be of great help in terms of quality control and prediction in advance, which could improve safety during the construction and reduce costs. The JH2 material model is used to define sandstone behavior under severe load. The JWL equation of state is considered to define TNT material as a high explosive material. The dynamic explicit step is appropriate for this type of analysis. The general contact algorithm with contact property is implemented to define all contacts in the domain. The proper boundary condition is assigned to the Eulerian domain and the rock. The volume fraction method is used to define the TNT location and its amount within the Eulerian domain.

Abaqus Files
Document
Tutorial Video-1
26:04
Tutorial Video-2
00:40

Example-2: Modeling of the TNT explosion inside the rock
In this section, the modeling of the TNT explosion inside the rock is investigated. During this course, the Numerical Simulation on Fracturing of Rock under Blast Using Coupled Finite Element Method and Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics is studied. Nowadays, drill and blast are still common excavation techniques for rock foundations and underground caverns in the fields of hydro power, transportation, and mining because these techniques have good adaptability to different geological conditions. In recent years, with the rapid development of explosion theory and computer technology, numerical simulation has become a promising approach to studying blast and wave propagation. Researchers worldwide have been using different numerical methods to investigate the stress wave propagation in the rock mass. The granite rock and TNT are modeled as a three-dimensional part. To model TNT(high explosive material) JWL equation of state is used to convert the chemical energy from the TNT explosion to mechanical pressure. To model granite behavior under an intended blast load JH2 model has been implied.

Example-3: Modelling of the rock breakage process by the TBM rolling cutter
In this case, the modelling of the rock breakage process by the TBM rolling cutter is done through a comprehensive tutorial. The tunnel boring machine (TBM) has been extensively adopted in tunneling constructions, due to its rapid advance rate, high efficiency, nice tunnel formation, and little impact on the surrounding environment and security. The modern era of tunnel boring machines was born in the early 1950s. Since Robbins (1987) summarized the development and application of tunnel boring machines from the 1950s to the 1980s, various applications and models developed for tunnel boring machines have been received extensive attention in the last 30 years, such as application of shield method to urban tunneling; application of multi-micro shield tunneling method to large rectangular cross-section tunnels, application of compact shield tunneling method to urban underground construction, application of a new hard rock TBM performance prediction model to project planning, and to blocky rock conditions, application of a new method to predict the TBM performance in mixed-face ground for project planning and optimization, analysis of TBM performance in highly jointed rock masses and fault zones, and so on. The performance prediction and rock breakage mechanism by TBM cutters are becoming considerably important issues. Many experimental models were designed to predict the performance and to study the rock breakage mechanism of TBM cutters. Dynamic explicit is a proper step for this type of analysis, and general contact interaction with erosion is considered as the input file. To model rock breakage behavior, the Johnson-Holquist equation is selected.

Example-4: Simulation of the CEL explosion near a stone wall covered with cloth concrete
In this lesson, the simulation of the CEL explosion near a stone wall covered with cloth concrete is studied. The stone wall and cloth, and concrete are modeled as three-dimensional solid parts. The TNT is a solid sphere, and the Eulerian domain is a 3D body. To model stone behavior under a huge amount of pressure, the Johnson-Holmquist material model is selected. The material model Johnson-Holmquist is used for modeling the behavior of brittle materials under large pressure, shear strain, and high strain rate. It is widely used for simulating ballistic impacts and blast loads. To model TNT behavior, the JWL equation of state is considered. The Jones-Wilkens-Lee (or JWL) equation of state models the pressure generated by the release of chemical energy in an explosive. This model is implemented in a form referred to as a programmed burn, which means that the reaction and initiation of the explosive are not determined by shock in the material. Instead, the initiation time is determined by a geometric construction using the detonation wave speed and the distance of the material point from the detonation points. To model the cloth concrete cover, the Concrete Damaged Plasticity model is used. The model is a continuum, plasticity-based, damage model for concrete. It assumes that the two main failure mechanisms are tensile cracking and compressive crushing of the concrete material. The dynamic explicit step with a specific time duration is selected. The proper interaction and constraints are assigned to all parts. The volume fraction method is used to define the volume of the TNT and its location inside the Eulerian domain.

Example-5: Analysis of the waterjet penetration into the stone piece-SPH method
In this section, the analysis of the waterjet penetration into the stone piece-SPH method, is investigated. he stone is modeled as a three-dimensional solid part. The water column is modeled as a three-dimensional solid part. To model water behavior, the Us-Up equation of state is used. The sound velocity in the water and the dynamic viscosity are considered. To model stone behavior under severe pressure load, Abaqus has some material models that can be implemented by using input capability or a subroutine. The proper material should be defined to obtain damage and cracks during the water jet penetration. The dynamic explicit step is appropriate for this type of analysis. The general contact algorithm with the contact property is used. The boundary condition is assigned to the two bottom sides of the stone. The initial velocity is applied to the water column nodes. The mesh should be fine at the contact zone for the stone, so some partitions are needed to make a good mesh. To define particles from the water column, the Abaqus cae option and input file capability can be used. During the simulation, the water jet column penetrated the stone, and it made a hole

Example-6: Modeling of the sandstone cutting by using a rigid tool
In this case, the modeling of the sandstone cutting by using a rigid tool is done through a comprehensive tutorial. The stone part is modeled as a three-dimensional solid part. The tool is imported to Abaqus as a deformable part, but in the interaction section, the rigid constraint has been used for it. To model sandstone behavior under severe load in Abaqus, the JH2 model is appropriate. The JH-2 constitutive model was initially utilized to simulate the behavior of brittle materials, especially ceramics. The JH-2 model adds softening characteristics and contains pressure-dependent strength, damage, and fracture; significant strength after fracture; bulking, and strain rate effects. The parameter determination for the JH-2 model is not a straightforward process, as some of the constants cannot be determined explicitly. In the JH-2 constitutive model, HEL is an important concept throughout the whole computational process. Before determining the parameters of the JH-2 model, it should be noted that the normalized parameters are all derived based on the constants concerned with HEL. That material can be used as an input file or VUMAT code. The explicit step is appropriate for this type of analysis. In order to reduce the time of the simulation, the mass-scale technique is used. The general contact interaction with internal element erosion is considered by using an editing input file.

Example-7: Eulerian-Lagrangian explosion in the stone tunnel in interaction with the soil
In this lesson, the Eulerian-Lagrangian explosion in the stone tunnel is studied in interaction with the soil. The stone tunnel is modeled as a three-dimensional solid part, and the TNT and soil are modeled as a volume inside the Eulerian domain. The JWL equation of state to model TNT behavior is used. This material model can convert chemical energy which released from the detonation to mechanical pressure. Abaqus has some material models for stone and rock which some of which are suitable for blast analysis, like Johnson-Holmquist or HJC. A dynamic explicit procedure is appropriate for this type of analysis. The general contact algorithm is used to model contact among all parts with the default property. The fixed boundary conditions are assigned to the bottom surfaces of the tunnel, and zero velocities to the Eulerian domain. To model TNT material and soil inside the Eulerian domain, volume fraction techniques are used. By this item, Abaqus calculates the volume of the solid parts inside the Eulerian domain.

Example-8: Analysis of the Simulation of granite stone cutting
In this section, the analysis of the Simulation of granite stone cutting is investigated. The granite stone is modeled as a three-dimensional part, and the cutter and supporter are modeled as rigid bodies. The Abaqus CAE contains some material models for brittle materials, but they are suitable to simulate the large deformation, damage, and failure, so Abaqus can use the VUMAT subroutine or call an embedded subroutine in the input file to make a better behavior of materials. Dynamic explicit is appropriate for this type of analysis. To consider the damage of internal elements in the granite stone, general contact by considering internal erosion is used as an input file because the CAE does not have this capability.

Example-9: Simulation of the high-velocity impact on the granite
In this case, the simulation of the high-velocity impact on the granite is done. The material constitutive relationship is not only the conclusion of some regulations summarized from experimental data, but also plays an important role in numerical simulations. It reflects the realistic physical and mechanical properties of materials as much as possible to improve the accuracy of numerical results. At present, various kinds of constitutive models for materials are being developed and optimized constantly, along with an increasing need for numerical simulations. Especially for those materials under the loading conditions of large strains, high strain rates, and high pressures (LHH), dynamic constitutive models usually contain more complicated parameters of physical properties and some sensitive coefficients such as various rate effects and strength coefficients, so that the parameter determination becomes an increasingly difficult problem. Therefore, accurate parameter determination for material constitutive models, which may directly affect the reliability and validity of the analytical results in numerical simulations, has become a significant task. The material model used in this simulation has good performance in showing the damage variable for granite. Dynamic explicit is appropriate for this analysis.

Example-10: Numerical simulation of the high-velocity impact on Granite
In this lesson, the numerical simulation of the high-velocity impact on Granite is studied. The material constitutive relationship is not only the conclusion of some regulations summarized from experimental data, but also plays an important role in numerical simulations. It reflects the realistic physical and mechanical properties of materials as much as possible to improve the accuracy of numerical results. At present, various kinds of constitutive models for materials are being developed and optimized constantly, along with an increasing need for numerical simulations. Especially for those materials under the loading conditions of large strains, high strain rates, and high pressures (LHH), dynamic constitutive models usually contain more complicated parameters of physical properties and some sensitive coefficients such as various rate effects and strength coefficients, so that the parameter determination becomes an increasingly difficult problem. The JH-2 constitutive model was initially utilized to simulate the behavior of brittle materials, especially ceramics. The JH-2 model adds softening characteristics and contains pressure-dependent strength, damage, and fracture; significant strength after fracture; bulking; and strain rate effects. The JH-2 constitutive model assumes that the strength of material, both intact and fractured, is dependent on pressure, strain rate, and damage. The dependence of strength on these parameters is represented by a set of constants. These constants are derived from standard dynamic and quasi-static measurements.

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