To prevent frostbite in cold environments, proper dimensions and materials for different parts of shoes along with the optimal design of shoe geometry were investigated. Furthermore, the optimal geometry of shoes was computed using an optimization algorithm to provide maximum thermal protection for the foot while having the lowest weight. In this model, we have simulated heat transfer and fluid flow in the shoe and foot for optimal shoe design in COMSOL software.

Key points in this model:

• Bioheat transfer
• Tissue damage
• Fluid flow
• Thermal boundary conditions in the foot