Explosion Analysis and Simulation Package

Categories: Abaqus, Acoustics, CEL and Eulerian, Course, DEM and SPH, Dynamic, Explosion, Finite Element, Underwater and Underground explosion

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Peyman Karampour

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Throughout the course, you will gain both theoretical knowledge and practical experience in modeling explosions across different environments, including underground, underwater, and air blasts. You will explore how shock waves interact with soil, water, concrete, masonry, steel, aluminum, and composite systems, and you will learn how to apply advanced numerical techniques such as CEL, Eulerian, SPH, CONWEP, and acoustic methods. By the end, you will be confident in setting up realistic simulations, interpreting results, and applying them to engineering challenges in design, safety, and risk mitigation.

About Course

Introduction to Explosion Analysis Course

Explosions are highly transient, nonlinear events that involve rapid energy release, shock wave propagation, and complex interactions with surrounding media and structures. Modeling these phenomena is essential for applications in structural safety, defense engineering, energy systems, and disaster prevention. Because of their complexity, explosions are studied using advanced numerical methods that can accurately capture both the physics of detonation and the structural responses that follow.

This course provides a comprehensive, hands-on introduction to explosion modeling, guiding learners through a series of real-world examples that progressively build knowledge and skills. Starting with underground and underwater explosions, participants will learn to simulate cratering effects, shock transmission through soil and water, and the structural impact on tunnels, pipelines, and plates. The course then explores structural blast effects, covering reinforced concrete beams, columns, walls, and composite materials under blast loading.

A major focus is placed on advanced computational methods:

Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) simulations for soil–structure and blast–structure interaction.
Eulerian approaches for fluid–structure coupling in underwater explosions.
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) for high-deformation and fracture modeling in concrete and masonry.
Acoustic and hybrid methods for large-scale explosion environments, such as dams and open-water conditions.

By the end of the course, participants will be able to:

Develop accurate models of explosions in different environments (underground, underwater, and air blasts).
Analyze the effects of explosions on various structures, including reinforced concrete, steel pipelines, masonry walls, and composite systems.
Select and apply the most suitable numerical method (CEL, Eulerian, SPH, or hybrid) for a given explosion problem.
Interpret results to inform engineering design, safety assessment, and mitigation strategies.

This course is designed for engineers, researchers, and students interested in computational mechanics, structural engineering, and blast dynamics, providing both theoretical insights and practical simulation skills.

Course Content

Example 1: Analysis of the craters produced by an underground explosion
In this lesson, the analysis of the craters produced by an underground explosion is studied. In this tutorial, Air, Soil, and TNT are modeled as three-dimensional parts. A dynamic explicit procedure is appropriate for this type of analysis. During the explosion the TNT wave as a pressure load created a huge crater inside the soil. Tests of crater formation are appropriate tools to study the blast phenomena, the behavior and destructive power of different explosives, and the response of soils and rocks under this type of load. The mechanism of crater formation is complex, and it is related to the dynamic physical properties of air, soil, and the air/soil interface. Even very carefully performed cratering tests give deviations in the dimensions measured of about 10%, while differences of as much as 30–40% are common. A cavity is always formed when a confined explosion is produced in a mass of soil. If the explosion is close to the surface, a crater is formed, and a complex interaction takes place between gravity effects, soil strength, and transient load conditions. The most important variables in defining the crater shape and size are the mass W of the explosive and the depth of the detonation beneath the air/soil interface. When d 0 when the explosive is detonated beneath the soil surface. Ford> 0, the crater mechanism is altered by gravitational effects. When the depth of the detonation increases, larger amounts of subsoil must be expelled by the explosion. Thus, the crater radius and the depth of the crater increase when d increases, until a certain limit value, from which they rapidly decrease.

Abaqus files
Video
19:49
Documents

Example 2: Simulation of the CEL (Couple Eulerian Lagrangian) explosion near a reinforced concrete column
In this section, the simulation of the CEL (Couple Eulerian Lagrangian) explosion near a reinforced concrete column is investigated. Concrete column is modeled as a three-dimensional part with Johnson-Holmquist material model, rebars as a wire part with Johnson-Cook material model, and TNT as a three-dimensional part with JWL material. Explosions, whether accidental or planned, can cause significant damage to the built infrastructure and result in fatalities to occupants of buildings in proximity to the center of the explosion. The increase in the number of terrorist attacks over the past few decades has led to growing concerns about the performance of buildings designed for aesthetics and economy when subjected to blast loading. The United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) reports that approximately one in every two terrorist attacks involves the use of explosives. Thus, if a terrorist action is suspected, it is very likely to involve the use of explosives. Furthermore, the terrorist attacks on the Alfred P. Murrah Building in Oklahoma City and the World Trade Center in New York City, and many more around the world, have revealed the blast load vulnerability of buildings designed and constructed without due consideration to blast loading. Many researchers are, thus, seeking to understand the behavior of structural elements under blast loading and to develop mitigation/retrofit measures to protect critical buildings and infrastructure systems against blast loading. Retrofitting an existing building for improved blast resistance can be expensive. However, as structures designed to resist one load type can often have capacity to resist a different load type, it is important to establish the blast resistance of structural elements designed for other load types, e.g,. seismic loads. Buildings designed to meet strength and ductility requirements, depending on the seismicity of a particular region and the importance of the building, could have an inherent capacity to resist blast loading. A review of the literature shows limited research work conducted to investigate the performance of seismically designed and detailed structural elements, in accordance with the Design of Concrete Structures, under blast loading. More specifically, the blast response of elements not forming part of the seismic force resisting system (SFRS) but expected to undergo the same amount of lateral drift has not been extensively studied. Examples of such structural elements are reinforced concrete (RC) columns in buildings with shear wall SFRS.

Example 3: Modeling of the p-section concrete beams under contact explosion(CEL) conditions
In this case, the modeling of the p-section concrete beams under contact explosion(CEL) conditions is done through a comprehensive tutorial. The air is modeled as an ideal gas, TNT with the JWL equation, a beam with Johnson-Cook plasticity, and concrete with the Johnson-Holmquist material model. A dynamic explicit procedure is appropriate for this type of analysis. The volume fraction method is used to model Eulerian material in the model, like TNT and air. After the simulation, the blast wave propagated into the air and caused huge damage inside the concrete structure. In this tutorial Simulation of p-section concrete beams under contact explosion(CEL) conditions in Abaqus has been studied. Reinforced concrete bridges are the most common type of bridge and have a simple structure, low cost, and long durability. Among these bridges, reinforced concrete bridges composed of p-section bridge components are among the most widely used bridge types and are used in road bridges and as railway bridges. In recent years, due to the threat of terrorism, the ability of bridges to resist accidental explosions has become a focus and challenge of bridge structure design. Due to the bearing structure design of p-section reinforced concrete beams, which have different characteristics from those of conventional concrete slabs and concrete beams, it is of great significance to study and analyze the anti-accident explosive performance of p-section reinforced concrete beams.

Example 4: Analysis of the underwater explosion based on the Eulerian finite element approach
In this lesson, the analysis of the underwater explosion based on the Eulerian finite element approach is studied. The main phenomena of underwater explosions include shock wave formation and propagation, bubble pulsation, and migration. Generally, considering the differences of time sequence and time scale, the process of underwater explosion is usually divided into two stages, i.e., the shock wave stage and bubble pulsation stage, and studied individually. At the former stage, the duration of the shock wave is in milliseconds, and the peak pressure can be up to the level of GPa.This stage is usually featured by strong nonlinearity, and the peak pressure can be up to the level of GPa. TNT behavior is modeled as JWL material, which can convert chemical energy released from the explosion process to mechanical pressure. Water is modeled as the Us-Up equation of state, and air is modeled as an ideal gas. A dynamic explicit step is appropriate for this type of analysis, and proper boundary conditions are assigned to the part. To use the Eulerian procedure, it is necessary to use the volume fraction method or the uniform material method to locate the Eulerian material. In this tutorial uniform material procedure is used. The mesh quality has a huge effect on the wave propagation, so using a small mesh is necessary.

Example 5: Simulation of the masonry wall behavior under a couple of Eulerian-Lagrangian explosions
In this section, the simulation of the masonry wall behavior under a couple of Eulerian-Lagrangian explosions is investigated. The concrete bricks are modeled as a dimensional part and TNT as a solid, and the domain as an Eulerian part. In this tutorial, Masonry wall behavior under a couple of Eulerian-Lagrangian explosions in Abaqus has been simulated. Numerical simulations are used extensively for solving a vast variety of dynamic problems associated with explosions, such as gaseous or condensed charge detonations followed by pressure wave propagation through the ambient air. Utilizing these methods, it is possible to evaluate the propagation direction of this pressure wave and its effect on different construction structures. For many decades, researchers have been conducting and presenting numerous and real-life experiments along with numerical explosive simulations for different types of materials in an attempt to capture the detailed mechanism of the blast phenomenon and obtain credible numerical modelling methods in order to predict the response and final failure of the obstacles. The behavior of a structure subjected to an explosion depends on the type and power of the charge. Varying these two elements causes fundamentally different results. The current study includes the motivation for undertaking such a subject and presents the state of the art in the area of interest.

Example 6: Modeling of the underwater Explosion (CEL Method) near a hull
In this case, the modeling of the underwater Explosion (CEL Method) near a hull is done. TNT and water have been modeled as Eulerian parts, and the Structure as a Lagrangian part. For modeling TNT behavior JWL equation of state and for the water, Us-Up has been used. For predicting damage in the structure, an appropriate model has been used. During the analysis structure failed, and TNT pressure destroyed the structure wall. This file contains CAE and a full English video of Under underwater Eulerian explosion in the depth of water in ABAQUS step by step. With the increased world tension, terrorist bombing attacks or accidental explosions are becoming a large threat to infrastructure such as important economic, military, and civilian facilities. The research on the anti-knock safety of structures has increasingly attracted people’s attention. In order to meet the ever-increasing demand for power, irrigation, and drinking water, et al., the majority of high dams are being built or to be built. Considering their significant political and economic benefits, undoubtedly, high dams might be targeted by terrorists because the possible failure of dams can cause economic disaster, a large number of casualties, and garner significant media attention. Since the September 11 attacks by terrorists, there has been increasing public concern about the threat of bomb attacks on dam structures.

Example 7: Analysis of the simulation CEL explosion in the depth of soil near a solid steel pipe
In this lesson, the analysis of the simulation CEL explosion in the depth of soil near a solid steel pipe is studied. The Eulerian domain is modeled as a three-dimensional Eulerian part. The air, soil, and TNT are modeled as a three-dimensional solid part. The steel pipe is modeled as a three-dimensional solid part. Used for the distribution of water, gas, oil, etc., buried pipelines are considered among the most important elements of lifelines. Buried pressurized gas pipelines are bound to be threatened by accidental explosions in process industries, explosives factories, open-pit mines, quarries, public works, or even intentional explosions near a pipeline. Terrorist attacks have unfortunately been increasing so that multiple explosions, in recent years, have taken place along the route of oil and gas transmission pipelines. Accordingly, blast loads and the design and analysis of buried structures under destructive dynamic loads have received particular attention in recent years. To model steel pipe behavior under severe load, elastic-plastic material data is selected. The Johnson-Cook plasticity with Johnson-Cook damage to consider steel pipe failure during the detonation is used. To model air material, the ideal gas equation of state with dynamic viscosity is considered. To model soil behavior, elastic data with Mohr-Coulomb plasticity is used. The Jones-Wilkens-Lee (or JWL) equation of state models the pressure generated by the release of chemical energy in an explosive. This model is implemented in a form referred to as a programmed burn, which means that the reaction and initiation of the explosive is not determined by shock in the material. Instead, the initiation time is determined by a geometric construction using the detonation wave speed and the distance of the material point from the detonation points. The dynamic explicit step is appropriate for this type of analysis. The general contact capability with the contact property is used. The non-reflecting boundary is assigned to the outer surfaces of the Eulerian domain. The fixed boundary condition is assigned to the two ends of the pipe. The volume fraction method is used to define the location of each material in the Eulerian domain.

Example 8: Simulation of the Eulerian explosion inside a circular reinforced concrete tunnel
In this section, the simulation of the Eulerian explosion inside a circular reinforced concrete tunnel is investigated. Throughout the years, underground tunnels have offered a quick and cost effective alternative to address transportation requirements in many countries. Terrorist attacks, such as the bombing of the Moscow Metro in 2004, London Subway in 2005, and Belarus in 2011, highlight that these structures should be carefully designed to withstand such events. The main method terrorists used to implement these attacks is using a vehicle bomb because of its enormous charge power, high success rate and serious demolition. In this video Eulerian explosion inside the concrete tunnel in the depth of soil was done in Abaqus software. Three three-dimensional parts were used for the member as tunnel, soil, air, and TNT. To model TNT behavior JWL equation, for soil Mohr-Coulomb plasticity, for air EOS as ideal gas and for concrete tunnel CDP model has been used. A dynamic explicit step was performed for this type of analysis. Generally explosion has two ways for modeling, first uniform material, and the second, is volume fraction method.

Example 9: Modeling Sof the buried steel pipelines against Eulerian-Lagrangian subsurface explosion
In this case, the modeling ٍSof the buried steel pipelines against Eulerian-Lagrangian subsurface explosion in Abaqus software is done through a practical tutorial. Buried pipelines are among the most important elements of lifelines used for the distribution of water, gas, oil, etc. Buried pressurized gas pipelines are likely to be endangered by accidental explosions in process industries, explosives factories, open-pit mines, quarries, public works, or even intentional explosions near a pipeline. Multiple explosions on the routes of oil and gas transmission pipelines during recent years demonstrate that terrorist attacks and sabotage have unfortunately increased. In this tutorial CEL explosion has been modeled. For this purpose, a fully coupled 3D finite element model was developed using a combined Eulerian-Lagrangian method. The simplified Johnson-Cook material model, the JWL equation of state, and the ideal gas equation of state were employed for modeling the pipe material behavior, charge detonation, and air, respectively. In addition, soil mass behavior was modeled by applying a Coulomb-Mohr plasticity.

Example 10: Analysis of the SPH explosion over the composite panel( Aluminum- Metal Foam)
In this lesson, the analysis of the SPH explosion over the composite panel( Aluminum- Metal Foam) is studied. The explosive part, or the TNT, is modeled as a three-dimensional solid part. The aluminum sheets are modeled as three-dimensional solid parts. The Aluminum Foam as a core is modeled as a three-dimensional solid part. To model TNT behavior the Jones-Wilkins-Lee equation of state is selected. The Jones-Wilkins-Lee (or JWL) equation of state models the pressure generated by the release of chemical energy in an explosive. This model is implemented in a form referred to as a programmed burn, which means that the reaction and initiation of the explosive are not determined by shock in the material. Instead, the initiation time is determined by a geometric construction using the detonation wave speed and the distance of the material point from the detonation points. To model aluminum behavior under severe load, the Johnson-Cook hardening and damage criterion is used. The aluminum foam is modeled as an elastic material with Crushable foam hardening. To consider damage and failure of the metal foam, the ductile damage criterion is selected.

Example 11: Simulation of the SPH explosion near the RC slab by using the CDP model coupled with the strain rate
In this section, the simulation of the SPH explosion near the RC slab by using the CDP model coupled with the strain rate is investigated. The RC slab is modeled as a three-dimensional solid part. The steel bars are modeled as a three-dimensional wire part. The TNT is modeled as a three-dimensional solid sphere. The damage-plastic constitutive behavior of concrete is represented by the Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model. Arguably, the CDP model is one of the most popular concrete damage-plasticity models in the literature and engineering practices. It is one of the most promising concrete constitutive models used for the simulation of concrete damage and failure. The tensile and compression data depend on strain to consider the rapid deformation. To model steel bars' behavior, the elastic-plastic material depends on strain rate is selected. To model TNT, the JWL equation of state has been used. The Jones-Wilkens-Lee (or JWL) equation of state models the pressure generated by the release of chemical energy in an explosive. This model is implemented in a form referred to as a programmed burn, which means that the reaction and initiation of the explosive is not determined by shock in the material. The dynamic explicit step is appropriate for this type of analysis. The embedded region constraint is considered for the steel bars inside the concrete slab. The general contact capability is selected to consider all contacts in the contact domain.

Example 12: Modeling of the internal explosion by using the SPH method
In this case, the modeling of the internal explosion by using the SPH method in Abaqus is done through a comprehensive tutorial. The outer part is modeled as a three-dimensional solid part, and the explosive part is modeled as a three-dimensional solid part. The TNT is placed inside the outer shell part, and during the explosion, it expands and causes damage to the outer part. Two main mechanisms can cause the fracture of a ductile metal: ductile fracture due to the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of voids; and shear fracture due to shear band localization. Based on phenomenological observations, these two mechanisms call for different forms of the criteria for the onset of damage. In this tutorial, steel material is used for the outer part, and ductile and shear damage to predict failure are used based on the Abaqus documentation. To model explosive material, the JWL equation of state is selected. The Jones-Wilkins-Lee (or JWL) equation of state models the pressure generated by the release of chemical energy in an explosive. This model is implemented in a form referred to as a programmed burn, which means that the reaction and initiation of the explosive is not determined by shock in the material. Instead, the initiation time is determined by a geometric construction using the detonation wave speed and the distance of the material point from the detonation points. The dynamic explicit step is appropriate for this type of analysis.

Example 13:Analysis of the SPH explosion inside the RC column with an outer steel box cover
In this lesson, the analysis of the SPH explosion inside the RC column with an outer steel box cover is studied. The concrete and TNT are modeled as three-dimensional solid parts. The steel box is modeled as a three-dimensional shell part. The steel bars and strips are modeled as three-dimensional wire parts. To model the steel behavior of the box, bars, and strips, the elastic-plastic material model is used. To model the damage and failure during the detonation, the Johnson-Cook damage model with evolution is selected. The JC criterion can predict failure under severe loads like an explosion. The JWL equation of state is used to model TNT behavior. The Jones-Wilkins-Lee (or JWL) equation of state models the pressure generated by the release of chemical energy in an explosive. This model is implemented in a form referred to as a programmed burn, which means that the reaction and initiation of the explosive is not determined by shock in the material. Instead, the initiation time is determined by a geometric construction using the detonation wave speed and the distance of the material point from the detonation points. To model concrete behavior under severe pressure and dynamic load, Abaqus has some material models that are appropriate for this simulation. These material models are available through the subroutine or input file modification. The dynamic explicit step and general contact algorithm are implemented.

Example 14: Modeling of SPH-Based Explosive Loading on a Masonry Walls: Cohesive Interaction of Concrete Blocks and Mortar Joints
In this section, the simulation of the SPH explosion over a masonry wall (micro model) is investigated in Abaqus software. The wall is modeled with concrete bricks and a concrete beam as three-dimensional parts. The TNT part is modeled as a sphere solid part. To model the correct behavior of concrete blocks under huge pressure for a short time, it is necessary to use a proper material model instead of CDP and the Brittle cracking model. For the TNT JWL equation of state has been used. The Jones-Wilkens-Lee (or JWL) equation of state models the pressure generated by the release of chemical energy in an explosive. This model is implemented in a form referred to as a programmed burn, which means that the reaction and initiation of the explosive is not determined by shock in the material. Instead, the initiation time is determined by a geometric construction using the detonation wave speed and the distance of the material point from the detonation points. A dynamic explicit procedure is appropriate for this type of analysis. The mortar between blocks has been modeled as an interaction property between surfaces, like cohesive behavior, damage, and evolution.

Example 15: Simulation of the failure modes of concrete gravity dams subjected to the acoustic underwater explosion
In this case, the simulation of the failure modes of concrete gravity dams subjected to the acoustic underwater explosion in the Abaqus software. To define the correct behavior for concrete under high strain rate and huge stress, it is necessary to use an appropriate material model to consider damage. A dynamic explicit step with the UNDEX procedure has been used. With the increased world tension, terrorist bombing attacks or accidental explosions are becoming a large threat to infrastructure, such as important economic, military, and civilian facilities. The research on the anti-knock safety of structures has increasingly attracted people’s attention. In order to meet the ever-increasing demand for power, irrigation, and drinking water, the majority of high dams are being built or to be built. Considering their significant political and economic benefits, undoubtedly, high dams might be targeted by terrorists because the possible failure of dams can cause economic disaster, a large number of casualties, and garner significant media attention. Since the September 11 attacks by terrorists, there has been increasing public concern about the threat of bomb attacks on dam structures. Therefore, protection of dam structures against blast loads is an important component of homeland security. Study on the failure modes and antiknock performance of concrete gravity dams subjected to underwater explosion is crucial to evaluate their antiknock safety. While, the physical processes during an explosive detonated in water and shock wave propagation are extremely complex, and the subsequent response of the dam subjected to explosion shock loading is much more complicated than that under other loadings such as static and earthquake loadings.

Example 16: Analysis of the stiffened panel subjected to underwater shock loading
In this lesson, the analysis of the stiffened panel subjected to underwater shock loading in Abaqus is studied. Given the superior strength-to-weight ratio, stiffened panels have been used extensively in the main structure of ships and underwater vehicles. The loads acting on a stiffened panel in a ship are in-plane compression or tension, resulting from the overall hull-girder bending moment or torsion, shear force resulting from the hull-girder shear force, and lateral pressure resulting from the external wave or shock loading. In modern sea combat, in which strike power has increased markedly, the structures of naval ships must be designed to withstand shock loads resulting from weapon hits. Studies examining the dynamic response of a structure to shock loads typically employ numerical simulation or analytical and experimental methods. The sudden release of energy from underwater explosions of a conventional high-explosive or nuclear weapon generates a shock wave and forms a superheated, highly compressed gas bubble in the surrounding water. In this tutorial Deformation behavior of a stiffened panel subjected to underwater shock loading using the non-linear finite element method has been studied in ABAQUS with the UNDEX method.

Example 17: Modeling of the coupled acoustic–structural response of the hull subject to underwater explosion
In this section, the modeling of the coupled acoustic–structural response of the hull subject to underwater explosion is investigated. One of the major problems confronted by the designer of submersibles is to minimize the weight of the pressure hull for increasing the payload of a crew and necessary equipment, and to simultaneously enhance the strength of the pressure hull for withstanding hydrostatic pressure, underwater explosive loading, and other environmental loading. An important element of any submersible is the pressure hull, frequently contributing one-fourth to one-half and more of the total vehicle weight. Various pressure hull configurations are being used in small submersibles. Non-contact underwater explosion is the major source of threat to ships and submarines. Thus, non-contact underwater explosion to the responses and damages of submerged structures is divided into two categories: near-field explosion and far-field explosion. Dynamic explicit analysis is appropriate for this type of simulation.

Example 18: Simulation of theblast resistance of the CFDST columns with outer steel box cover
In this case, the simulation of the blast resistance of the CFDST columns with an outer steel box cover is done through a practical tutorial. In this simulation, Johnson-Cook plasticity and damage criteria for steel squares, for concrete Johnson-Holmquist material model was used to observe damage that happens on the concrete beam. As a result of the ever-increasing threat of terrorist activity, countless efforts have been made to mitigate the blast effect on structures so that they can withstand more severe explosion accidents without catastrophic failure, thus reducing the number of human casualties. Indirect means, such as using a blast barrier to protect vulnerable infrastructures and people inside them, are widely used. However, several recent terrorist attacks suggested that such indirect methods cannot effectively prevent attacks initiated by suicide bombers or suitcase bombs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to directly enhance the blast-resistance of important structures by using new structural types or new materials. Recently, concrete-filled steel tubes, as a relatively new steel-concrete composite structure, have attracted a tremendous amount of attention in the civil engineering field due to their high strength and excellent durability. A concrete-filled double-skin steel tube (CFDST) is normally constructed by filling concrete in between two concentrically placed steel tubes. The main advantage of this structural type is its passive confining pressure on the concrete filler, resulting from the steel tubes. Due to the confining pressure, the strength and ductility of the concrete filler can be significantly enhanced, whilst the buckling of steel tubes can be delayed, if not completely prevented, by the concrete filler.

Example 19: Analysis of the failure of RC members under close-in blast loading
In this lesson, the analysis of the failure of RC members under close-in blast loading is studied. To model the proper behavior of a concrete beam, defining the material property that considers the damage variable is necessary. Dynamic explicit is appropriate for this type of analysis, and the CONWEP procedure has been used as a blast way. Blast incidents in recent years show that most of the terrorist attacks on public structures were explosions within short stand-off distances. In this context, columns are the most vulnerable structural components, and their failure is the primary cause for progressive collapse in framed structures. On the other hand, many of the research efforts in this field have been devoted to the effects of far-field explosions on structural elements. The effects of near-field explosions on structural elements, especially columns, have not been widely investigated. The three basic strategies for protecting columns and preventing a possible collapse are establishing a secure perimeter by placing physical barriers that prevent a near-field explosion. However, this alternative is not always possible due to limited space or functionality, reinforcing the columns by increasing their strength and ductility, and absorbing blast energy received by the column with sacrificial cladding layers. The steel jacketing is the most common retrofit technique within the second strategy mentioned above. It usually involves wrapping steel plates, steel strips, or steel bars in the transverse direction. The advantages of steel jacketing are: a small increase in the cross-sectional dimensions; ease and speed of construction; lower cost of structural intervention; and interruption of use. Moreover, the consensus in the current literature is that rectilinear jacketing is usually effective for increasing the strain capacity and the ductility of the columns, although it may or may not increase the strength of the column. On the other hand, steel jacketing is not the only method that improves the response of the columns. Increasing the residual strength of the column itself is another option. Alternative materials and constructions from the field of protective structures, like polymer concrete or high-performance fiber concrete, can be used. Another alternative consisting of columns made with ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete is presented in. The third strategy mentioned above is a vast field of research where several types of sacrificial layers have been studied and proposed. The sacrificial layers absorb energy and, in doing so, undergo a significant amount of deformation. First developed for the automobile industry, the use of sacrificial cladding was rapidly extended to different types of structures and buildings. These protections are usually sandwich panels with crushable cores like metallic foams that provide high energy dissipation. Similarly, crushable materials can be reinforced with different types of metallic structures. Low-density polymeric foams, textile materials, and low-density metallic foams are excellent in reducing the risk of damage from ballistic impact. However, under blast loading, a “shock enhancement” phenomenon has been observed, that is, transmitted pressure is amplified, rather than attenuated as one might expect. Another possibility of deformable energy absorbers is circular or square tubes, honeycomb cells, and corrugated tubes, where the plastic energy can be dissipated by axial crushing, splitting, lateral indentation, and lateral flattening.

Example 20: Modeling of the air blast load over a concrete slab reinforced with CFRP and epoxy glue
In this section, the modeling of the air blast load over a concrete slab reinforced with CFRP and epoxy glue is investigated. In this simulation to model all parts. Three-dimensional space has been used. To model a correct behavior between the concrete slab and CFRP, EPOXY GLUE as a solid part with a thin thickness has been implanted. CDP model for concrete, elastic plastic model for beams, Hashin’s damage criterion with engineering constant for CFRP, and elastic material with traction method and QUADS damage behavior with evolution for Epoxy as the joint has been used. Nowadays, a high risk of terrorist attacks is observed. Bombing attacks are the most frequent terrorist activities. Unfortunately, public infrastructure such as airports and railway stations, shopping centres, offices, financial and government institutions are highly exposed to such attacks. There were also several cases of such attacks with thousands of victims in Europe (Madrid 2004 and London 2005). Blast loading of the critical supporting elements of public facilities can cause a considerable reduction of their carrying capacities, as well as partial or global collapse of the building. Progressive collapse took place during the Oklahoma City bombing, where 87% of deaths were caused not by the direct effects of the blast overpressure but by the subsequent collapse of a significant part of the building, as a result of the reduced load-carrying capacity of the structural system. In the numerical studies of blast wave interaction with structures, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is the most common approach to assess the structure's response. Two main types of methods of blast loading numerical simulation can be distinguished: the application of pressure loading, such as Conwepand the description of detonation, blast wave propagation in fluid domain, and fluid structure interaction, e.g., Computational Fluid Dynamics methods (CFD) or Multi Material Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian formulation (MM-ALE). It is also possible to assess the structural response caused by the blast wave using simple methods, namely, single or multi-degree-of-freedom methods.

Example 21: Blast simulation and damage investigation of the insulated concrete sandwich panel
In this case, the blast simulation and damage investigation of the insulated concrete sandwich panel in Abaqus is done. The concrete and foam are modeled as three-dimensional solid parts, and beams as wires and composites as shell parts. Hashin’s damage criterion for composites, Johnson-Cook model for steel, Crushable foam data for foam and Johnson-Holmquist model for concrete are implied. Insulated concrete sandwich panels are comprised of two outer concrete wythes and an inner layer of foam insulation. They have been increasingly used because of their advantages of light weight and energy efficiency. Various shear connectors can be used to connect the two outer concrete wythes. More recently, Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) shear connectors have been used, which can eliminate thermal bridging and improve the thermal performance. Typical approaches to Finite Element (FE) analysis treat static and dynamic analyses separately. However, due to the flexibility of the FRP shear connectors and the cracking of the concrete in insulated concrete sandwich panels, a nonlinear static analysis model would often diverge early based on a preliminary FE study.

Example 22: Simulation of the sequential air blast explosion over the concrete slab reinforced with a CFRP sheet
In this study, the simulation of the sequential air blast explosion over the concrete slab reinforced with a CFRP sheet is studied. The concrete slab is modeled as a three-dimensional solid part. The CFRP sheet is modeled as a three-dimensional shell part. The Concrete Damaged Plasticity material model is used to model concrete slab behavior under severe blast load. This model can show the tensile and compressive damage during detonation. The lamina elasticity and Hashin’s damage criterion with damage evolution are used to model CFRP behavior. The sequential analysis, as three separate dynamic explicit procedures, is done. In the first simulation, a dynamic explicit step is used. The ideal contact is selected between the slab and the CFRP. The CONWEP air blast procedure is used to demonstrate the blast wave effect over the reinforced slab. The fixed boundary condition is used for the sides of the slab. The mesh should be fine to achieve the correct results. After the first simulation, all results such as stress, strain, tensile and compression damage, and … are achievable. Now, these results should be imported to the new simulation as an initial situation. In this way, the slab and CFRP have initial residual stress and damage, and the second detonation is applied to the damaged parts. At the end of the second simulation, again all results are obtainable. In the third simulation, the results from the second simulation are considered as the initial conditions.

Example 23: Modeling of the air blast explosion over the UHPC slab reinforced with BFRP composite
In this section, the modeling of the air blast explosion over the UHPC slab reinforced with BFRP composite in Abaqus software is investigated. The Ultra-High-Performance-Concrete is modeled as a three-dimensional solid part. The Basalt fiber reinforced plastic(BFRP) is modeled as a shell part with four layers. The Concrete-Damaged Plasticity is used to model the non-linear behavior of the UHPC. In this model, the tensile and compression data are defined separately, and tensile and compression damage can be used. Laminated fiber reinforced composite materials are increasingly used in various industries such as aerospace, military, marine, car manufacturing, etc, due to their superior specific strength and stiffness, convenient fabrication of complicated products and structures, corrosion and environmental resistance, as well as their competitive cost for fabrication. The elastic model lamina type and Hashin’s damage criterion are used to model BFRP behavior under the blast load. The dynamic explicit step is appropriate for this type of analysis. The ideal contact is selected between the UHPC surface and the BFRP composite parts. The COWEP blast explosion procedure is considered. In this way, the amount of the TNT and its locations should be defined. The fixed boundary condition is assigned to the sides of the slab.

Example 24: Analysis of the air blast explosion over a Wood-Concrete slab reinforced with BFRP lamina
In this case, the analysis of the air blast explosion over a Wood-Concrete slab reinforced with BFRP lamina is done through a comprehensive tutorial. The wood-concrete part is modeled as a three-dimensional solid part. The Basalt Fiber Reinforced Plastic( BFRP) is modeled as a shell part with eight layers. The steel reinforcement, which is embedded inside the concrete, is modeled as a three-dimensional wire part. The Concrete Damage Plasticity Model (CPDM) available in the Abaqus code is adapted and used to model the mechanical behavior of the wood-cement composite. The CDPM has the potential to represent the complete inelastic behavior of the wood-concrete material in both tension and compression, including damage effects. The tensile and compressive stress-strain and damage are used in this analysis. The steel reinforcement is modeled as an elastic and plastic material. The BFRP lamina is modeled as an elastic material lamina type and also the Hashin’s damage criterion to consider damage in the fiber is selected. The dynamic explicit step is appropriate for this type of analysis. The steel reinforcements are embedded inside the concrete host, and also, the perfect contact is assumed between the BFRP and the wood-concrete part. The fixed boundary is assigned to two sides of the slab.

Example 25: Simulation of the air blast load in the RC room
In this lesson, the simulation of the air blast load in the RC room is studied. The concrete room is modeled as three three-dimensional part with CDP material to predict compressive and tensile damage. Reinforcement is used as a beam part by a wire element and steel material. A dynamic explicit procedure is appropriate for this type of analysis, and the air blast phenomenon is modeled by the CONWEP model. During the analysis concrete room and beam are subjected to a huge amount of pressure, and the damage occurred in the room as tensile and compressive damage.

Example 26: Modeling of the air blast over a sandwich plate made of aluminum and composites
In this section, the modeling of the air blast over a sandwich plate made of aluminum and composites is investigated. For modeling the blast effect CONWEP procedure is appropriate. Aluminium is modeled as a three-dimensional part, and for modeling its behavior under blast load, ductile damage with Johnson-Cook plasticity, and for modeling composite or Epoxy Glass Hashin’s damage criterion has been used. During the detonation, the panel had a large deformation and some areas failed. To create a better performance between composite layouts and composites with aluminum in the Interaction module, Damage, Damage evolution, Geometry properties, Cohesive, and Linear stiffness have been implemented.

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Explosion Analysis and Simulation Package

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Introduction to Explosion Analysis Course

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